Burnstein: "Buffallino has gone effectively from the most underrated mob Don in America to the most overrated mob Don in America. Thats my interpretation, Moldea told The Associated Press. Its all kind of pomp and circumstance. "When that information came to our attention we batted it around, but we were all convinced in the end that this guy was not reliable," FBI agent Jim Kossler said then. And even though FBI files report that Sheeran was in Detroit at the time of Hoffa's death, some accounts say he might have been involved in the murder, but inflated the major role that he claimed to have. "I've talked to retired FBI agents, and that's one of the theories that they subscribe to most," he said, adding that investigators simplydid not have enough to get evidence to get an indictment. No one was ever charged with a crime in the matter. It's not clear as to whether Sheeran and Hoffa were as close as Sheeran says. Once there,Buccellato said,Hoffa was executed by Detroit mobsters and members of the New York Mafia. At the museum, Wade said he believes Hoffas remains were incinerated at Central Sanitation Services in Hamtramck, Michigan, near downtown Detroit. His death is still a mystery. Nov. 19, 2017 (July 25, 2019) https://nypost.com/2017/11/19/the-real-story-of-the-man-who-murdered-jimmy-hoffa/, Lichterman, Joseph. He quit school when he was only 14, and involved himself in union work from an early age, fighting his way up the ranks through the '30s and '40s, serving as chairman of the Central States Drivers Council, then the Vice President of the Teamsters chapter in Detroit. (Oct. 25, 2014) http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/19/us-usa-crime-hoffa-idUSBRE95I0B720130619, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, 10 Conspiracy Theories About the JFK Assassination, 10 Things That Went Missing Without a Trace, 10 Businesses Supposedly Controlled by the Mafia. Theory: Hoffa was buried in a makeshift grave beneath a concrete slab of a barn in Oakland Township about 25 miles north of Detroit. Outcome: The former chief of organized crime investigations for the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice told The Record of Bergen County, New Jersey, that he doubted the claim. In the last few decades, 14 people have claimed to have killed Hoffa. "And I believe he was taken immediately, his body, to either a funeral home on the east side I don't want to mention it because it's still a prominent funeral home on the east side that was once upon a time owned by the mafia," or, Buccellato said: "There were a couple of incinerators in Detroit that were owned by the Mafia. At the age of 20, he helped organize a labor strike in Detroit, June 17, 2013. The decades-long odyssey to find the remains of former Teamsters boss Jimmy Hoffa apparently has turned to a former New Jersey landfill that sits below an elevated highway. More than 45 years have passed since Hoffa disappeared. He doesn't buy any of the stories that Hoffa's body was shipped back to the East Coast or even to the suburbs of Detroit. Jimmy Hoffa, the well-known labor union leader, went missing 45 years ago on July 30,1975 in Bloomingfield Township. Season 4 of WDIVs Shattered Podcast series focuses on the life and death of Hoffa. The Story of Jimmy Hoffa and Detroits Most Famous Disappearance. June 19, 2013. The actor portrays controversial union boss Jimmy Hoffa in the new gangster epic, making for one of Pacino's greatest roles in decades. Theory 42 Years Later: Jimmy Hoffa Murdered At His disappearance had long been linked with the American Mafia, with whom Hoffa had a turbulent relationship. Click to watch a recording of this panel discussion. "They took a body from Detroit, where they have one of the biggest lakes in the world, and drove it all the way back to New Jersey? 14 biggest historical mysteries that will probably never be solved New reporting by Shawn and Moldea points to New Jersey as the likely location where Hoffa was buried in a 55-gallon drum. And then eventually the sleeping lion devoured him.. Is Jimmy Hoffa really buried under the Renaissance Center? Click here to take a moment and familiarize yourself with our Community Guidelines. "It's just not practical.". "The idea that he was transported to New Jersey and buried somewhere, it just doesn't make sense for logistical reasons," says Buccellato. Outcome: Bloomfield Township police ripped up floorboards at the house in 2004, but the FBI crime lab concluded that blood found on them was not Hoffa's. Jimmy Hoffa disappeared in 1975 after his friendship with a mafia boss soured, 'Trump or bust' - grassroots Republicans are still loyal. What happened next is pure speculation, but the FBI had a theory in 1976 and a 2004 deathbed confession backs it up. There has been many a summertime dig at sites across Only two days following Hoffas disappearance, Bill Bufalino hosted a lavish wedding for his daughter at his estate in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Four years into his sentence, Hoffa was pardoned by Nixon. Who put it forth: Self-described hit man Donald "Tony the Greek" Frankos in a 1989 Playboy magazine interview. "Why Can't We Find Jimmy Hoffa's Body?" Tips from aging mobsters and anonymous sources have prompted forensic digs in far-flung places as the FBI has attempted to unearth Hoffa's burial site. Hoffa's later attempt to renege on that deal may have cost him his life. Read about our approach to external linking. I think those three things are true and then everything else is embellished.". 2023 www.freep.com. His father, who was of German descent from what is now referred to as the Pennsylvania Dutch, died in 1920 from lung disease when Hoffa was seven years old. In 1982, after unsuccessful attempts to track down the whereabouts of the former union boss, Hoffa was legally declared presumed dead. Ever since, his story - told in the 2019 film the Irishman - has fascinated investigators. A Chicago Tribune review of the book put it this way: "Former New York Times reporter Richard Hammer, who helped Franco with the book, candidly writes in the introduction that the stories have the 'ring of truth.' "Hoffex Conference." The FBI doesn't think Hoffa wasn't forcibly snatched and tossed into a car, because he would have made a scene in front of dozens of witnesses. He was a household name in his time. At first, I was able to entertain the idea that he had something to do with the conspiracy and it was just kind of holding back, and giving bits and pieces of it that suit him best. On July 30, 1975, Hoffa arrived at the Machus Red Fox Restaurant in Detroit, allegedly for a meeting with Anthony "Tony Jack" Giacalone, a local Mafia street boss. "They said, 'That's unacceptable. After spending three years attempting to appeal the charges, Hoffa was sentenced to 13 years in prison starting in 1967 for bribery and fraud. Outcome: To be determined. And this is it. Three veteran journalists participating in a panel discussion at The Mob Museum on the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa challenged the assertion in a new Hollywood movie that Frank The Irishman Sheeran killed the national labor leader 44 years ago. Stay connected and stay informed. Its unclear if Obama, Henry, King or Trumka will denounce the vitriolic rhetoric against conservatives that Hoffa Jr. touted on stage while opening up for and representing the president. Jimmy Hoffa Its available to watch on Netflix. Hoffa was born in the tiny city of Brazil, Indiana in February 1913, and by 1957 had become one of the most powerful union leaders in the country after taking charge of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Jimmy Hoffa was born in 1913 and lived the first 10 years of his eventful life in Brazil. He was declared legally dead in 1982. Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, who he met during a labor strike, in 1936, and they had two children, Barbara Ann Crancer, a judge and legal counsel, and James P. Hoffa, who became president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in 1999. But as Hoffa grew in power, he also receded into a nasty and violent web of organized crime. In his speech, Obama who was not present when Hoffa delivered his incendiary speech did not denounce the labor leader or call for the civility that he has promoted in other public settings. For decades, Hoffa was one of America's most powerful labour organisers. Biography.com. Hoffa, Jr., whose father still hasnt been found after police suspected that he was murdered decades ago in connection with his union activities, was opening up for Obamas speech in Detroit, which is expected to preview jobs plan that he will present in a joint session of Congress on Thursday evening. Frank Sheeran, the real-life mob enforcer who Robert De Niro plays in Irishman, said that he was Hoffa's right hand man, and that he was eventually tasked with killing the union boss in 1975. Subscribe to the Detroit Free Press today. To paint a house is to kill a man. Jury tampering, mail fraud and bribery were just a few of the crimes that sent infamous union boss Jimmy Hoffa to prison for four years until he was pardoned by President Richard Nixon in 1971. But, thanks to Hoffa's powerful anti-Kennedy presence in the American political scene, his days in federal prison ended after only five years. Burnstein: "Frank Sheeran did not kill Jimmy Hoffa. We may earn a commission from these links. ", Remembering Jimmy Hoffa 45 years after his disappearance: 5 things to know, More:Events in disappearance of former Teamsters head Jimmy Hoffa. The wise guys told Hoffa to drop the comeback. Digging up Hoffa History | Local News | tribstar.com He was brought up through the ranks in Detroit. Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to Indiana natives John and Viola (ne Riddle) Hoffa. His father, who was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, died in 1920 when Hoffa was seven years old. The family moved to Detroit in 1924, where Hoffa was raised and lived the rest of his life. He was declared legally dead in 1982. ", Burnstein: I thought that was actually pretty good. He enjoys suffering through Lions games on Sundays in the fall. According to the FBI's "Hoffex Memo," an internal report prepared six months after Hoffa's disappearance, the top suspects in the murder were Charles "Chuckie" O'Brien, a close friend whom Hoffa raised as a son, and Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran, a longtime Hoffa friend and known Mafia hit man. "I think, in all likelihood, he was informed by the Mafia that the meeting was not going to go down at the restaurant as planned,"Buccellato told WWJ's Sandra McNeill. But as soon as he left prison, Hoffa initiated legal proceedings to get that leadership ban overturned. But Giacalone never showed, and after some friendly chitchat with other diners, Hoffa walked out of the restaurant, never to be seen again. The stories Brandt put in his book come from Sheeran alone, and Scorsese's movie put them onto the screen. Bufalino ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST: Here's an exchange from the 1950s that sounds more like a scene from an old movie than from an actual Senate committee hearing, which it was. Getty Images The Machus Red Fox Restaurant in Detroit, where Jimmy Hoffa was last seen on July 30, 1975. Either way, neither of the men showed up at the restaurant, so Hoffa left. 2023 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. And believe me, believe me, Tony Giacalone was as far from a lackey as possible. Kristina Fernandez / The Mob Museum. landfill for Jimmy Hoffa Jimmy Hoffa By summer 1975, Hoffa had lost his once considerable power and his friendship with the New Jersey Mafia boss Anthony Provenzano, nicknamed "Tony Pro", had soured badly. Authorities believe Hoffa disappeared in suburban Detroit in 1975 while meeting with reputed mobsters. Who put it forth: Reputed Mafia captain Tony Zerilli in the online "Hoffa Found." He said he as new information about where Hoffa might be buried. In 1971 President Richard Nixon commuted the sentence to time served and Hoffa left prison after less than five years. Outcome: The FBI and police in 2013 spent two days digging at the site that no longer had the barn, but found nothing. His body was "ground up in little pieces, shipped to Florida and thrown into a swamp.". Shawn noted that he has more on the mystery upcoming, possibly by February. '", But Hoffa wouldn't listen. Kennedy believed Hoffa was using Teamsters money to pay off mob organizations in the country, and despite Hoffa's astoundingly successful efforts to avoid litigation for years, RFK finally managed to convict the union boss in 1964. Perhaps the real reason Hoffa's body has never been found is far simpler there is no body. In the 1960s, Hoffa was one of the most powerful political figures in America. The 47-year riddleturned last year to land next to a former landfillunder the bridge in Jersey City. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. At around two oclock PM on July 30, 1975, Hoffa arrived at the parking lot of the Red Fox where he was supposed to meet with Anthony Provenzano, a labor leader with mafia ties, and Anthony Tony Jack Giacalone, a LOCATION | Finding Hoffa It was under Hoffa's leadership that nearly all truck drivers in America signed a collective union contract in 1961 [source: Biography.com]. Who put it forth: Richard C. Powell, who used to live on the property and who was serving life in prison without the possibility of parole for a 1982 homicide in Saginaw County. He was someone that was from a part of the country that you wouldnt assume would have as much power as he had. "The craziest theory that I've ever heard was that he was actually, this was a while back, but that he was actually still alive and that he as being kept somewhere alive by the Mafia; sort of an'Elvis is still alive' kind of theory,"Buccellato said. What Happened to Jimmy Hoffa? - Biography He fought viciously for workers' rights and earned key victories, such as in 1964 when he put forth a massive freight-hauling agreement that managed to secure on one contract nearly all the truck drivers in America. April 15, 2008. Hoffa's predecessor in the Teamsters presidency had been sent to prison for fraud. And you would never be able to tell that by the film. At one point, police brought Powell to the scene handcuffed and shackled. Ken Haddad is the digital content and audience manager for WDIV / ClickOnDetroit.com. Who put it forth: Journalist Dan Moldea, who has written extensively about the Hoffa saga, as a result of interviews with Frank Cappola. Burnstein: "I know that you werent going to shoot it in Detroit, but to not really put any of the story here, and to make it look like the Detroit mob didnt really have anything to do with Jimmy Hoffa, that he was being controlled by the New York mafia -- that was another, a big misnomer. In a debate that became contentious at times, Moldea and Wade challenged the reliability of the people who each relied upon to identify where Hoffas remains ended up. We just cant find it.. Dueling views of who killed Jimmy Hoffa - The Mob Museum 11th August 1958: American labour leader Jimmy Hoffa (1913 - 1975), President of the Teamster's Union, testifying at a hearing into labor rackets. He appealed all of the convictions, going as high as the Supreme Court, but lost those appeals in 1967 and began serving eight years for bribery and five years for fraud a total of 13 years in the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary in Pennsylvania. The And I thought that was just irresponsible storytelling.". "I really disagree with the notion that his body was transported to New Jersey and buried or New York and buried or Florida and fed to the alligators. At the museum, Wade said he believes Hoffas remains were incinerated at Central Sanitation Services in Hamtramck, Michigan, near downtown Detroit. WebAmerican labor-union leader Jimmy Hoffa was last seen at the Red Fox Restaurant in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan near Detroit. Email blog@themobmuseum.org. This story has been shared 134,703 times. Though Hoffa's death is a mystery, many believe it to be a mob-related hit. He established himself as one of the most famous figures in union organizing historyand became, at one point, among the most powerful men in America. Hoffas disappearance is one of the most notorious unsolved crimes of the 20th century. Sheeran also claimed to have been one of the two men involving in that shooting. AP Hoffa's disappearance has been unsolved for more than 45 years. That he was dictating mob policy or Teamsters policy -- that he was pulling strings with the commission. Come on," Bob Buccino said. It has been long speculated that Hoffa, who was 62, was killed by enemies because he was planning a Teamsters comeback. In the FBI memo, he tells the go-betweens that he "wouldn't meet Provenzano anywhere" and calls the mobster a "bum.". April 15, 2019 (July 25, 2019) https://www.biography.com/activist/jimmy-hoffa, Brandt, Charles. He was born in Indiana, according to Biography, the son of a coal miner who died of black lung disease when Jimmy was just seven years old. As he has in the past, Shawn called for the federal government to release all files on the Hoffa investigation. He wasnt as powerful as they make them out to be in the film.". Im not thrilled with the result. DETROIT Martin Scorseses new film, The Irishman, follows the story of Frank Sheeran, a man who was allegedly involved in the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa. He lived most of his life in Detroit and was last seen 20 miles north of the city. Theory: New Jersey mob hit man Richard "The Iceman" Kuklinski killed Hoffa in Michigan, drove the body to a New Jersey junkyard, sealed it in a 50-gallon drum and set it on fire. He also authors the Morning Report Newsletter and various other newsletters. Henry taught journalism at Haas Hall Academy in Bentonville, Arkansas, and now is the headmaster at the schools campus in Rogers, Arkansas. Zerilli was in prison for organized crime when Hoffa disappeared, but he claimed he was informed about Hoffa's whereabouts after his release. Jimmy Hoffa and the Renaissance Center (WDIV) We received this question through our 4YI form, But it's also a character that allows Pacino the opportunity to play a role that he does best: portraying real people. The FBI's confirmation last week that it was looking at a spot near a New Jersey landfill as the possible burial site of former Teamsters boss Jimmy Hoffa is the latest development in a search that began when he disappeared in 1975. Outcome: Police used a backhoe to demolish the pool and dig beneath it in 2003, although no trace of Hoffa was found. Born in 1913 to a poor coal miner in Brazil, Indiana, Jimmy Hoffa proved a natural leader in his youth. He did not kill Joe Gallo, and he probably didnt kill Salvatore (Sally Bugs) Briguglio. And in New Jersey, an urban legend has long claimed that Hoffa's remains were buried under the old New York Giants football stadium. Feedback or questions? Frank Sheeran's Life Goes Far Beyond The Irishman, The Story of Joe Pesci's Irishman Character, Frank Sheeran, the real-life mob enforcer who Robert De Niro plays, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. "We were able to prove to our mind that what he was telling us couldn't have happened because he either couldn't have been there or he was in jail at the time. More:'The Irishman' stirs controversy over its version of what happened to Jimmy Hoffa, More:New York stands in for Detroit in 'The Irishman,' Martin Scorsese's Jimmy Hoffa epic. Jimmy Hoffa The book's title, "I Heard You Paint Houses," comes from the very first conversation between Hoffa and The Irishman in 1957, when the newly elected Teamster leader needed some muscle. By 1951 there were over a million members. It would've been a quick dropand possibly a sausage factory in Detroit; he was possibly ground up.". The Real Reason Jimmy Hoffa Ended Up In Prison - Grunge.com The teamster union leader known for his involvement in organized crime disappeared in Oakland County, Michigan, on July 30, 1975, and is presumed to be dead. But the real-life events that preceded his disappearance are some of the most enduring tales of corruption and power in American history. The film is getting rave reviews. Jimmy Hoffa - Death, The Irishman & Wife - Biography Hoffas disappearance is one of the most notorious unsolved crimes of the 20th century. Agents bearing search warrants arrived at a former landfill site and conducted a survey on 25 and 26 October. But the idea that they had some type of kinship or that they were best friends or that Sheeran was the only person that Jimmy Hoffa could trust -- the only person that would have his back. "I Heard you Paint Houses" are the first words Jimmy Hoffa ever spoke to Frank "the Irishman" Sheeran. The Hoffa mystery is attracting renewed attention in large part because of the Martin Scorsese film The Irishman, which was released this fall and stars Robert De Niro as Sheeran, a World War II combat soldier and Mob hit man who claimed to have shot his friend Hoffa on orders from the Mafia. The Detroit Free Press describes Central Sanitation as a Mob-owned garbage disposal service in Hamtramck that was destroyed in an arson fire about six months after Hoffas disappearance.. And, theres only one way to win that war, the one thing about working people is we like a good fight. Robert Kennedy, as attorney general under his brother President John F. Kennedy, tried to convict him for a variety of offences during his time in office and formed a "Get Hoffa" unit of prosecutors to take action against his activities. 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Pennsylvania woman missing since 1992 found alive in Puerto Rico, Missing San Francisco DJs wife posts heartbreaking update, Father of 5 vanishes after leaving Louisiana bar during work trip, San Francisco radio DJ had mysterious brain issues before disappearing. I just bristle at that notion. My impression today was them breaking the bad news to me: Thanks for the tip but this is over. And, like many of the magnanimous real-life character's he's portrayed in his decades-long career, the true story of Jimmy Hoffa needs little embellishment for the purposes of storytelling. Sunday will mark 42 years since the Teamsters union leader disappeared following a planned meeting with two alleged mobsters at the Machus Red Fox, at Maple and Telegraph roads. Read about our approach to external linking. He rose to election as president of the Teamsters in 1957, at least in part because he was superb at organizing. This story has been shared 148,737 times. The Pulaski Skyway now becomesanother dead endin the decades-long mystery that has stretched from a Michigan horse farm to the East Coast:Where are the remains of one of Americas most powerful labor leaders? First published on July 28, 2017 / 3:57 PM. He kept on wanting to poke the sleeping lion. The next day, authorities found his car still in the Red Fox parking lot, but Hoffa's whereabouts, and the circumstances of his suspected murder, remain one of the greatest mysteries in FBI history. Red Fox Restaurant, where Jimmy Hoffa disappeared. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (MI), US. On July 30, 1975, Hoffa went to the Red Fox Restaurant outside of Detroit to allegedly meet three men, a Detroit labor leader, an important local mobster and a powerful figure in New Jersey Teamster politics. I do think they missed this one spot, he said. Theory: Probably the most infamous had Hoffa buried under Section 107 of Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Schneider declined to comment further when asked for details about the excavation. The meeting did not take place, and Hoffa was never seen again. Interest in what happened to Hoffa has never waned, and the mystery only deepens as the decades pass. As The Irishman surmises, this was Hoffa's biggest mistake. The FBI reached out to Moldea last year after he published a detailed account from Frank Cappola, who was a teenager in the 1970s when he worked at the old PJP Landfill near the bridge. But this is all from an unsubstantiated, first-hand account that was first shared by Sheeran late in life to author Charles Brandt who recorded the anecdotes in his seminal mob book, I Heard You Paint Houses. A former Hoffa ally, Fitzsimmons was not inclined to relinquish the office and, in a show of disrespect, even referred to Hoffa privately as his nibs, according to published accounts. The Teamsters, with their membership skyrocketing under Hoffa's rule, accrued a huge bank account that drew the interest of the mafia. Who put it forth: Kuklinski, who contended in his 2006 book, "The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer," that he received $40,000 for the slaying. "Jimmy Hoffa Biography." Theory: Hoffa's body was delivered to a Jersey City landfill in 1975, placed in a steel drum and buried about 100 yards away on state property that sits below an elevated highway. Paul Cappola, worried that police might be watching, dug a hole on New Jersey state property, about 100 yards from the landfill, and subsequently moved the unmarked barrel there, according to Moldea. The family moved to Theory: Hoffa's killers buried him beneath the 73-story Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit. Theories in disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa There has been many a summertime dig at sites across southeast Michigan, but a single sign of Hoffa's body has ever been found. WebThis property, located in Wixom, Michigan, was owned by Hoffa suspect Rolland McMaster and his brother in law Stanton Barr. I think it demonstrated how Jimmy Hoffa was his own worst enemy, and couldnt wrap his head around the fact that there were powers that be, and people that control those powers that be, that would do anything to keep him away from the union. Stay connected and stay informed. The Museum is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization with a mission to advance the public understanding of organized crime's history and impact on American society. Cappola said his father, Paul Cappola, who also worked at the landfill, explained how Hoffas body was delivered there in 1975, placed in a steel drum and buried with other barrels, bricks and dirt. Remember that as part of Nixon's pardon, Hoffa agreed to not assume another leadership position in the Teamsters. From NYPD officer Frank Serpico in Serpico to bank robber Sonny Wortzik in Dog Day Afternoon, Pacino has established himself as one of cinema's greatest imitators. The FBI conducted a search there in early June. Burnstein: I dont think that that Frank Sheeran was a confidante or an incredibly close friend to Jimmy Hoffa. Subscribe to the Detroit Free Press today. If The Irishman's story is true, then his "plumbing" skills are the reason the Feds have never recovered Jimmy Hoffa's body and that nobody has stood trial for his murder. In the last few decades, 14 people have claimed to have killed Hoffa. Reuters. Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to John and Viola (ne Riddle) Hoffa. Hoffa "'You need to ride off into the sunset. ", Theory: Hoffa was killed by one-time ally Frank Sheeran at a Detroit house. Writer Dan Moldea, author of The Hoffa Wars, is an expert on the search for Hoffas remains and has been on six digs himself. Jimmy Hoffa: Deathbed confession sparks long-missing The Real Reason Jimmy Hoffa Ended Up In Prison, President Richard Nixon commuted the sentence. This story has been shared 161,267 times. Another proposed explanation is that Hoffa's body was stuffed into a junkyard car, put through a compactor and then shipped overseas as scrap metal [source: Bump]. His mother was of Irish ancestry. According to the book, painting houses is Mafia code for a contract killing. There have been several failed searches for Hoffa's body over the years. The Irishman allegedly said yes and added, "I also do my own plumbing," meaning that he got rid of the bodies, too. The family moved to Detroit in 1924, where Hoffa was raised and lived for the rest of his life. In 1963 he was indicted for attempted bribery of a grand juror.
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